Motivation is an important force for initiating and maintaining goal-oriented behaviors.
When we are motivated, it feels easier to take steps toward what it is we want.
Motivation also helps us continue to take action even when things get tough or we feel like giving up.
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But where does this force come from?
That’s where motivation theory comes into play.
Researchers have developed a variety of different explanations forhow we become motivated.
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At a Glance
Motivation theory seeks to explain what compels us to take certain actions.
Instinct Motivation Theory
According toinstinct theory, motivation is developed through evolutionary programming.
It’s similar to how animals know to migrate.
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They don’t learn how to do this; instead, it’s an inborn or instinctual behavior.
Among them were fear, anger, love, shame, and modesty.
The main problem with the instinct motivation theory is that it doesn’t explain all human behavior.
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Drive theory helps explain behaviors that originate from biological or physiological needs, like hunger or thirst.
However, our behaviors aren’t always motivated by unmet needs.
As an example, you may find yourself eating a meal or snack when you aren’t physically hungry.
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This theory doesn’t explain these types of actions.
Additionally, optimal arousal levels can vary from one person to another, also changing depending on the situation.
It also doesn’t account for the role that emotions can play in motivating us to do certain things.
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These needs are represented in Abraham Maslow’shierarchy of needs.
It is often criticized as being “unscientific and naively overoptimistic.”
Incentive Motivation Theory
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Incentive theorysuggests that people are motivated by external rewards.
It adds that the greater the perceived rewards, the more strongly people are motivated to pursue those reinforcements.
Reinforcement strengthens a behavior while punishment weakens it.
Incentives can arise from outside (extrinsic) or inside (intrinsic) an individual.
When a positive outcome is predicted, we believe that we can make that possible future a reality.
This leads us to feel more motivated to pursue those likely outcomes.
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