Forlearningto take place, it’s critical that the expert understands the learner’s specific ZPD stage.

The learner does not need the help of anexpert.

Instead, this term has been put forth by other researchers who have expanded on his original theories.

Woman helping young girl learn how to ride bicycle.

Betsie Van Der Meer / Taxi / Getty Images

While the expert may be an adult, Vygotsky also emphasized the power of peer learning.

Zone of Proximal Development Applications in the Classroom

The zone of proximal development is a moving target.

2017;51(1):18-30. doi:10.1080/00131857.2017.1421941

Lake R.Vygotsky on Education Primer.

Peter Lang; 2012.

Abtahi Y.Pupils, tools and the Zone of Proximal Development.Research in Mathematics Education.

2020;21(3).

2019;62:205-219. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2018.12.004

Crain W.Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications.6th ed.

Essex: Pearson Education Limited; 2014.

Vygotsky, L.S.Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes.

Harvard University Press; 1978.