Long-term memory refers to the transfer of information from short-term memory into long-term storage to create lasting memories.
Short-term memories can become long-term memories through a process known as consolidation.
Long-term memory can be subdivided into explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious).
Betsie Van Der Meer / Taxi / Getty Images
Long-term memory is crucial because it helps us recall significant life events.
It shapes who we are, influences our decisions, and allows us to learn and grow.
Types of Long-Term Memory
Long-term memory is usually divided into two typesexplicit and implicit.
Implicit Memory
Implicit memoriesare those that are mostlyunconscious.
Knowing how to drive a car or use a computer are examples of procedural memories.
These memories tend to be more durable and resistant to loss than others.
Most of the time, we aren’t aware of what’s in our long-term memories.
While this information is largely outside our awareness, we can call it intoworking memoryfor use when needed.
How Long Is Long-Term Memory?
Through association and rehearsal, the content ofshort-term memorycan become long-term memory.
When we say these memories are long, we mean it.
Long-term memories can last from days to decades to a whole lifetime.
The more important the information, the easier it is to remember.
How Long-Term Memory Forms
The information-processing model of memory characterizes human memory as being like a computer.
The more often you revisit a memory, the stronger it becomes, making it easier to recall.
Each time you access these memories, you help strengthen the neural networks where your information is stored.
With those neural pathways becoming stronger, your brain can effortlessly retrieve that information when you need it.
However, these saved memories can be changed or sometimes even lost altogether.
Memories that you rarely access often weaken or be replaced by other information.
Studies suggest that memories are not saved in a static state, then pulled up with perfect clarity.
Instead, researchers have found that memories are transformed or changed every single time they are accessed.
Neurons first encode memories in the cortex andhippocampus.
Memory expert Elizabeth Loftus has demonstrated howeasily false memories can be triggered.
Why is long-term memory so susceptible to these inaccuracies?
In some cases, people miss important details about events.
But our brains crave consistency and cohesiveness.
How Can I Improve My Long-Term Memory?
Takeaways
Long-term memory plays a vital role in daily life.
Friedman GN, Johnson L, Williams ZM.Long-term visual memory and its role in learning suppression.Front Psychol.
2017;8:438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00438
Zlotnik G, Vansintjan A.Memory: An extended definition.Front Psychol.
2019;10:2523. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02523
Loftus EF.Creating false memories.Sci Am.
Greenlee MW, ed.PLoS ONE.
2015;10(9):e0134467.
