This stage occurs between the age of 18 months and around age 2 or 3 years.
According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense ofself-control.
This stage is all about children developing a greater sense of independence as they move through the world.
Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee
Let’s take a closer look at some of the major events of the second psychosocial stage of development.
However, unlike Freud’s theory, Erikson’s stages continue into adulthood.
Erikson believed that human personalities continue to develop past the age of five.
Erikson believed there are interpersonal challenges unique to each age groupthese challenges form each of the eight stages.
It is during this stage that children build the foundations of trust in the world.
Autonomy is an important part of development for children.
Shame is linked with mental health conditions like depression, anxiety,eating disorders, and low self-esteem.
Self-doubt is linked with lowself-esteemlevels, as well as greaternervousnessin regard to performance.
Parents who tend to excessively control their children may unknowingly contribute to greater levels ofself-doubtin their children.
These behaviors may negatively affect the child over time.
Of course, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to parenting.
There will be times when parents interfere with their child’s autonomy (even without realizing it).
Every child will, at some point, experience shame and doubt.
How Can Parents Encourage Success?
There are a number of things that parents can do to foster success during this stage of psychosocial development.
Overcoming Shame
Shame can feel overwhelming at times.
If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.
For more mental health resources, see ourNational Helpline Database.
Parents are encouraged to promote their child’s autonomy, particularly during this stage.
However, it’s important to remember that shame is part of the human experience.
If you carry shame from childhood, know that you aren’t alone.
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